The Origin Of Art Deco Cultural Studies Essay

The Origin Of Art Deco Cultural Studies Essay Art Deco, one of the most influential art movements in the art history which was influenced by various cultures and art movements of past and present, lifestyle and society of the period between two life changing world wars, was diverse in design and glamorous and luxurious in style. Key influences include many styles of art and design including the high-style French crafts, different cultures of the far distant past and contemporary avant-grade art. It has reflected these inspirations intellectually and stylishly on its wonderful designs from finest French Art Deco furniture to mass produced modern household consumer goods. It was not just a style which reflected travel and adventure, leisure and entertainment, but a taste that was highly enjoyed by both high-society elite and common man with new spirit after the Second World War. It had handed down its concepts of design and visuals of both traditional and modern style to younger art movements as well as its vibrant, bold, and glam orous style becoming an influence to many contemporary designs. Art Decos characteristics cannot be defined easily as the term Art Deco includes a mixture of styles ranging from ancient arts and traditional French Decorative Arts to mass produced Avant-grade Modernism. Benton(2003) has found that Richard Guy Wilson said in Defining Art Deco, Art Deco Society of New York News that: If we can use the term Art Deco not to designate a specific style, but rather that it is inclusive and connotes the tremendous fertility of ideas, culture and design beginning in the early twentieth century and reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s we will better serve our own purpose. (Benton, 2003, p16) Thus according to C. Benton (2003), Art Deco can be described as the body of artefacts including works inspired by, but not copied from, historic and traditional high styles, works inspired by various cultures of past and those inspired by contemporary avant-grade art. All these influences and inspirations which helped to become what Art Deco is started at the first major appearance of Art Deco at the 1925 Paris Worlds Fair the Exposition Internationale des Arts DÃ ©coratifs et Industriels Modernes, where the term Art Deco derived from. ORIGIN OF ART DECO Paris was the cultural centre of the Western world, as well as home of many famous artists and designers. However, after the First World War when the United States hosted several art expositions and it seemed likely to have the leadership role in vital areas of art as it had less damage physically and economically, French was determined to retain her leadership in this area. Hence according to Chandler(2000), with the return of peace and prosperity, French once again hosted an international exposition to reassert her power as the ruler of taste and style. The Exposition Internationale des Arts DÃ ©coratifs et Industriels Modernes was set to show the world that French taste would lead the way again and to define the elements of the new style which would soon be known as Art Deco. The exposition exhibited works of artists and designers from various countries where the early French Art Decos influences came from. Chandler(2000) has found that the exposition was supposed to bring togeth er the nations of the world and to show some sense of a developing common aesthetic among the practitioners of decorative arts and architecture. In fact countless talents from many countries had shown what could be done without turning back to the tradition in art and culture. The exposition was a success and the Art Deco style was born out of it. Moreover, since the exhibition, Art Deco expanded from Paris to other countries all over the world and although Americans did not participate at the exposition, the influence of this style had sprung across the country for the next two decades. The style developed mainly in France where it showed its emotional stylish playfulness. At the same time the rays of Art Deco touched upon the modern western architecture, decoration, design, and fine arts around the world, and even non-French Art Deco somehow relates to the early Parisian Art Deco designs. French-inspired ornamentations were used on American buildings continuously until the 1940s. Duncan(1999) said that the early French Art Deco style had in its moment of glory provided America with the legacy of rich architectural ornamentation. It is found that many international artists and designers adopted or adapted the design elements of high-style French Art Deco on their later modernized Art Deco. the furniture of the German Bruno Paul or the jewellery of the American firm Black, Starr Frostmany other designers throughout Europe and the United States paid vestigial homage to the French style, among them the creators of the spectacular American and English motion picture palaces, the Russian-born Serge Chermayeff and the British Clarice Cliff with her jazzy, brightly hued pottery (P.Bayer, 2000, p 10). EXTENSION OF STYLE ART NOUVEAU However, one could say that the beginning of the style Art Deco showed an early presence since before the 1925 Exposition, as early as the last years of ninetieth century when Art Nouveau gained its appreciation. The 1900 Exposition Universelle which was held in Paris, was one of the most successful and ambitious exhibitions in the history of Paris. Works of twenty four participating nations and their numerous colonies including European, American, African and Asian countries were exhibited. Hence there were varieties of fine arts, jewellery designs, ceramics and pottery, furniture and all sorts of craftsmanship which had inspired the Art Nouveau designers and some young designers who would later introduce the style Art Deco to the world. Two years later Art Nouveau became the most fashionable and sought after design style of the early twentieth century, and many designers became to develop interesting, variations and historical themes into their work. However, the style began to dec line afterwards because of the First World War and the rise of industrialization. After World War I, because of the result of the dramatic changes in social, personal and economical matters, expensive highly stylised and hand crafted Art Nouveau lost its favour and was replaced by new design concepts of mass produced modernism. The decorative aspects of the style became unessential and many European designers followed mass production and functionalism of German Bauhaus movement. Art Nouveau style was applied to low quality uninteresting products for commercial gain. On the other hand younger avant-grade designers began to experiment the modern design concepts by combining them with their predecessors fine craftsmanship to produce a design style that has both intellect of modernism and visual of the traditional styles. The cluttered floral designs, pastel colours and the overly decorative patterns and curls of Art Nouveau were stripped down to angular geometric shapes, clear bright and bold colours, uncluttered clean shapes and refined detailing of the new style Ar t Deco. Art Deco designers still kept their predecessors stylised designs and superb craftsmanship and adapted them in many of high-style Art Deco. Hence Art Nouveau style didnt come to an abrupt end but continued as Art Deco for several more years until it was replaced by mass produced modernist Art Deco designs. Art Deco is not the opposite of Art Nouveau; it is in many aspects an extension of it, particularly in its preoccupation with lavish ornamentation, fine materials and superlative craftsmanship. (Duncan, 2000, p6) Art Nouveau style mainly influenced the French Art Deco designers such as Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann who was famous for his French style Art Deco furniture designs. Moreover the influence of Art Nouveau can be seen in many of French Art Deco pochoir illustrations which adapted the elements of floral, stylised Art Nouveau with the combination of bold colours, and glamour of Art Decos characteristics. INFLUENCES OF THE ANCIENT ART As Art Deco was already gradually forming since the 1900 exhibition, the inspiration of the style is very diverse and came from different art forms and cultures. Among these influences, ancient Egyptian art and Aztec and Mayan architecture of ancient Mexico art were best known and adopted by many Art Deco artists and designers. Because of the discovery of the Tutankhamun tomb in 1922, the Egyptian art was popular among the Art Deco designers, that the craze touched every aspect of design. Fashion accessories, furniture, products and interior designs at that time had combination of Egyptian-inspired geometrical shapes with the Art Decos own stylised and decorative patterns. Egyptian arts usage of colour and ornamentations were also adopted for architectural decorations. Examples of these can be seen in usage of bold flashes of gold colour on the black granite surface of Raymond Hoods American Radiator building, and Egyptian-inspired eagle-shaped gargoyle ornaments on the Art Decos ico nic, the Chrysler Building. The ancient Mexican architecture also directly influenced Art Deco skyscrapers and interior designs. The geometric forms and patterns of rigid stonework Mexican art can be traced in many of 1920s and 1930s architecture and design. According to Baddeley(2003), the block-like mass, ziggurat forms and patterns of Manhattans skyline evoked rather than replicated the militaristic decorations of Aztec temple design. Even the zoning law applied on the New Yorks skyscrapers was based on the Aztec architecture concepts. According to Duncan(1999), the zoning law is applied to the high buildings to ensure adequate light and air for the citys working populace, hence architects developed a series of setbacks, or terraces, which stepped backwards and upwards like Ziggurats of the Aztec architecture. However, the decorations on the building and inside of the building had influences from historical art styles of Japanese, Islamic, Celtic besides Egyptian and Mexican, and sometimes all the styles app ear together to give the impression of an unspecified historicism. TRADITIONAL AND MODERNITY, DECORATION AND FUNCTION Art Deco was purely decorative and was not the leading intellectuals of the period although it had approach to functionalism of modern designs. Since World War I and rapid industrialization, most modernist artists and designers were keen to produce mass-produced designs made in new, low-cost materials and rejected any decorative intentions. However, according to Robinson(1988) many of these designers soon realised that functionalism alone cannot fulfil the customers demands as certain amount of fantasy, luxury and embellishment were required in order to fulfil their aesthetic dreams. Many designers working in more mundane materials, for mass production and the popular market, came to see forms and motifs derived from fine art as capable of bringing aesthetic value to even modest domestic environments, as well as giving value to their own practice. (Benton, 2003, p105) Thus Art Deco is decorative even when it doesnt employ ornaments and surface decorations, to provide sense of emotional fulfilment and luxury to bold machine-made items. This concept of Art Deco was practiced in many areas of designs including industrial, interior and furniture designs as well as in architectural design. According to Duncan(1999), in traditional architecture, Modernist decoration was used as a transitional device to alert the eye to a change in the buildings contour. Vertical and horizontal decorations were used to emphasize a skyscrapers height and rhythm of the setbacks, moreover colour was also applied along the setbacks on the building to provide definition to the passerby far below. Duncan(1999) has found that Hildreth Meiere, American artist and architect said in July 1932 The Question of Decorative Architectural Forum that: Decoration is that which gives color or texture, scale or pattern or interest, which is used, whether functionally or not, because it gives pleasure or expression. An architect instinctively employs it because he is an artist who designs for aesthetic enjoyment as well as a builder who must build adequately for physical needs. (Duncan, 1999, p150) Thus Art Decos modernized traditional style or decorative modern style of decorations and ornamentations were applied on everyday household products, automobiles and buildings to give certain amount of interest and luxury, as a result Art Deco became widely appreciated by the high society and considered to be the functional form of elegant and luxurious modernism. AVANT-GRADE INFLUENCES Art Deco designers and Avant-grade designers shared the same interest in applying decoration since the latter themselves became to practice the decorative arts on their artworks. Benton(2003) believed that the association between avant-grade art and Art Deco was also encouraged by decorative artists ambitions. Likewise, Art Deco designers also adapted the avant-grade movements elements in many areas of its decorations. Many of Art Decos graphic posters and illustrations showed the influence of cubism and futurism by adding abstract, fragmented, overlapped geometrical shapes with crisp rigid lines to show the periods occupation with speed and power. The influence also can be seen in the areas of product design and furniture design, for instance Erik Magnussen used the abstracting and fragmentation techniques of Cubism on his coffee service called Cubic or The Lights and Shadows of Manhatten to produce interesting and eccentric look of an usual and functional coffee set. NEW WORLD, MODERNIZATION AND MASS SOCIETY Art Deco style was influenced by past and present art movements and styles, but on the other hand, the influence came from not only creative environment but also the lifestyle and the ever changing society of the period between two world wars when the movement reigned supreme. The First World War gave a sense of break from the past and provided modernity to the whole new world which accompanied urbanization, standardization, and mass society. The new lifestyle of the modern world and the new roles for the common men resulted in mass consumption and demanding society, hence mass production became vital in manufacturing and producing areas. Deco style graphic design and posters with the illustrations of expanding leisure activities such as dance halls, and entertaining sports such as tennis and golf, as well as the brochures for holidays and beaches became the popular media between the consumers and the manufacturers as a result of demanding entertainment and pleasure by the mass socie ty of not only elites but also common people. Furthermore, developing science and technology which is a crucial element in the modern society also played an important role in creating modernity in the new world. Production and utilization of electric power, discoveries of new materials such as plastics, and the advancing techniques in creative area provided the whole new concepts to Art Deco designers and hence many artists and designers began to experiment with new design forms and materials to provide new satisfaction and fulfilment to the changing taste of the society. Robinson(1988) wrote that soon after the 1925 Exposition, superficial copies of Art Deco style products began to appear in large department stores that this took away the essential aesthetic understanding and quality of craftsmanship that had elevated the original Art Deco designs to a truly modern art form. Hence the rapid expansion of mass society and the advanced technology had soon produced a new style of Art Deco called streamlining which would replace the traditional techniques and style of Art Deco. SPEED, STYLE AND STREAMLINING The mass production of transportation methods, which is the result of the rapid expansion of mass travel, was the vital reason that the Art Deco designers turn to a new style of design and streamlining technique. According to Atterbury(2003), streamlining reflected contemporary enthusiasms for science, technology, engineering and, above all, travel and transportation. Streamlining was applied to a new generation of automobiles, aircrafts and trains, to express speed and mechanical efficiency, as well as to domestic and commercial objects where speed and efficiency were irrelevant. Atterbury(2003) also mentioned that streamlining and speed became synonymous in the public mind, and so streamlined forms were widely applied to domestic motor vehicles despite having little or no impact on their actual performance. Despite the science and rationality, the image of speed was more important and streamlining was used as decorations to appeal the surface look and seduce potential customers as the sleek contoured horizontal lines and smooth surfaces not only provide modernity, but also suggest luxury, comfort and restfulness. Works of industrial designer Raymond Loewy strongly reflected the streamlining style of Art Deco since he was one of the logical leaders who emphasized on styling this to promote mass consumption and mass production among the commercial competition during the Great Depression in America. The industrial designers attempt to modernize consumer goods as a means of boosting sales led him(Raymond Loewy) in the 1930s to the pursuit of a new style, one which evolved from the preceding fashionable Art Deco style of the 1920s and could be applied to industrial products. (Duncan, 1999, p 270) Hence new principles and application of streamlining became a fashion statement and was applied on almost every item from book covers and pencil sharpeners to the buildings decoration and the automobiles and trains. Examples of streamlining on buildings, which is known as streamline modern architecture, include the Coca-Cola Bottling Company plant, the California Petroleum Service Station and many roadside diners in Los Angeles, as well as the buildings and pavilions of the 1939 New York Worlds Fair which is known for acting as an endpoint of the Art Deco style. Like traditional stylised Art Nouveau was replaced by the mass-produced streamlined modern Art Deco after the World War I, so was Art Deco by total machine aesthetic Modernism when the Second World War definitely killed off the flame of Art Deco and the style lost its glamour after the New York Worlds Fair in 1939. Even though streamlining was popular after the 1925 Art Deco Exposition in the design of buildings and transportation, the original Art Decos decorative motifs had become out of date and took over by the pure functionalism of Post-modernist designers. Though some notable expressions of decorative exuberance inspired by Art Deco practices survived, the styles characteristic decorative repertoire and cheerfully commercial traits were widely abandoned in favour of design languages redolent of the larger social good. (Benton, 2003, p429) INFLUENCES OF ART DECO However, Art Deco recovered with the growing interest in advertising, graphic design, fashion design and glamour and individualism in the 1950s and 1960s. The major exhibitions on the subject and publications books on Art Deco fashion and fashion illustration had encouraged the revival of Art Deco. This new interest influenced many younger artists and designers such as The Memphis Group of the 1980s. According to Benton(2003), Art Deco also encouraged Post-modern architects and designers to employ a richer iconography to be playful and to take risks with materials, colours, surfaces, shapes and visual references. Although Art Deco style had left many good influential examples of designs for the future generations, there were some disadvantages in those influences it had handed down to later design movements especially popular, transient, expendable, low cost, mass produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous and big business art movement in the 1950s which was known as Pop art. Late Art Decos mass consumption and mass production concepts of design were the certain part of the origins of mass media, and the illusion of popular artificial fulfilment of the modern art culture. Like mass produced cheap Art Deco products fulfilled the desires of the mass society after the First World War, according to Belting(2003) today visual advertising blinds the consumers eye to the thing itself and hides the illusion, its true nature behind the effects and lies of advertisements. Hence Art Decos both illustrative influence and conceptual influence has reappeared in nowadays graphic and advertising designs. Besides, Art Deco architecture and interior design also regained its popularity nowadays and the style was adapted in many of the recent architecture and replicated for the interior designs of contemporary buildings. The Parkview Square in the downtown area of Singapore, for instance is proof that the Art Deco influence is still surviving in some parts of the world today. The building design is classic Art Deco style and inspired by the Chanin Building as well as the lobby of the building is filled with Art Deco style hand crafted details and decorations. Similarly, the Williams Tower which is also known as the Transco Tower in Houston, Texas is also a fine example of Art Deco inspired skyscraper with rigid lines, angles and setbacks of the 1920s Art Deco architectural characteristics. What is more, the rotating beacon at the top which lights up at night put emphasis on the influence of the glamorous and luxurious night light of the pure Art Deco style. In addition, there are a few c ommercial and residential buildings surviving in Houston which are designed in postmodern interpretations of Art Deco streamline moderne style. Indeed, Art Deco may not be as popular as it was in its period of 1920s and 1930s,its intellectually and visually fascinating design concepts are still influencing the contemporary world and many design aspects of everyday life. CONCLUSION To conclude, Art Deco was a style as well as a total result of styles, a wonderful mixture of traditional and contemporary designs, with diverse cultures and technologies. It not only took inspirations from past and its predecessors, but also was influenced by the changing lifestyle and modernity of the period. Even though the time and the age between two wars was unrest and unstable, Art Deco had lived long for three decades and flourished successfully until the spirit died down entirely in 1939 at The New York Worlds Fair. Many iconic and notable examples survived until these days and the styles elements and characteristics are being adapted or replicated in contemporary designs by today designers. The styles concepts of uniting mass production and the artist, function and decorations, commercial profits and emotional fulfilments, had passed essential examples and lessons in the history of art and design to younger generations and new birth of modern designs. Art Deco was decorativ e using fine craftsmanship in traditional style, yet it was modern and advanced in technologies and creations. Art Deco had gained its satisfying popularity during its high time, and in fact the style is still being enjoyed by todays society. What is more, the fact that it is still influencing many designers these days is undeniable.

What is a monopoly and what is required

Monopoly is at the opposite end of the spectrum of market models from perfect competition. A monopoly firm has no rivals. It is the only firm in its industry. There are no close substitutes for the good or service a monopoly produces. Not only does a monopoly firm have the market to itself, but it also need not worry about other firms entering. In the case of monopoly, entry by potential rivals is prohibitively difficult. A monopoly does not take the market price as given; it determines its own price.It selects from its demand curve the price that corresponds to the quantity the firm has hosen to produce in order to earn the maximum profit possible. In assuming there is one firm in a market, we assume there are no other firms producing goods or services that could be considered part of the same market as that of the monopoly firm. The result is a model that gives us important insights into the nature of the choices of firms and their impact on the economy. There are some Advantages o f a Monopoly. The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources.Enjoys economics of scale, due to it being the only supplier of the product or service n the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic section of society. To avoid competition, they can afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. There are some Disadvantages of a Monopoly. Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods.First off, any arket type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the end. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits. Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The onl y difference between them is â€Å"why' they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not yield these types of profits in the end. Economic profit goes to zero here in the end because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering.

Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Public policy refers to the action or inactivity of the authorities on an issue ( s ) ( Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting out the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes public policy alteration really complex as assorted persons, administrations and even the province have conflicting involvement and capacities. There is therefore the demand for coherency of interest/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) . Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in public policy on route safety in Nigeria.Health Issue and Public Health Importance:Road Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a major public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with another vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public main road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) .The Situation Globally:RTC histories for over 1.2 million deceases with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major cause of disablement ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of decease globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of decease by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million human deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues like TB, HIV/AIDS ( soon the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This means that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC wi ll be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if pressing action is non taken. The planetary losingss due to route traffic hurts are estimated to be about 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 – 3 % of its gross national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) .Nigeria:Figure: Map of Nigeria demoing major accident zones. Beginning: Savan demographic map Nigeria is Africa ‘s most thickly settled state, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World Bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 states with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from unwilled injuries/ public force in the state ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) . Usoro ( 2010 ) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or injured day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or acquire injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of hapless coverage and hapless recording of route accidents in the state. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher hazard of route traffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less likely to hold the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poorness load as they lose their staff of life victor ; lose net incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) . RTC has its greatest impact among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 – 45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore impacting the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high velocity, intoxicant, bad roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high velocity is most concerned in low income states ( WHO 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean velocity can ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean velocity there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The debut of velocity cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of velocity on the island ( Environment and Transport select Committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has besides been shown to hold positive effects on wellness results e.g. cut downing respiratory jobs associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) . There is hence pressing demand for action to forestall this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE ( POLICY CONTENT ) : Introduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity bounds on Nigerian roads.Procedure aims:To cut down high velocity behavior of drivers and better Conformities to rush bounds To educate the populace on the benefits of obeying route safety steps Outcome aims: To cut down the morbidity and mortality from RTC by 30 % and to cut down the possible life old ages lost from RTC by 50 % by 2020.Policy end:To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria. Enforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual most effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes but has to puddle its manner through the policy procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the assorted scanning theoretical account. For better apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of policy devising, the proposed policy alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic point in a peculiar context influenced by the participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Actors: Persons, administrations and groups orp Content Context Procedure Figure 2: Policy analysis trigonBeginning: Walt and Gilson 1994.THE POLICY Procedure:Agenda scene Policy rating and feedback Policy preparation Policy execution The policy procedure can be broken down into series of phases called the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the times and topographic points where tactical attacks can be applied to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Figure 3: Policy procedure Before traveling on with the policy procedure, it will be worthwhile understanding the state ‘s policy context as this will help in determining the procedure.THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT:The proposed wellness policy alteration can be affected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) :Situational factors:This includes the increasing broad spread public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated above.Cultural factors:There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and cultural groups are the most politically influential and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that route accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( Sarma 2007 ) . Hence the spiritual leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an of import function in converting their followings and betterin g ownership for community support and policy execution success.International factors:Road safety issues have increased in impulse on the planetary docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitious mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is supported by international organic structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures will therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise.Structural Factors:( a ) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with degrees of authorization expressed at the federal, province and local authorities countries. There are 36 provinces and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the lowest political unit in the state ) . There are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and province degrees. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower house ( the House of Representatives ) elected from the province senatorial territories and the constituencies severally. Each province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs. Each local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards. The province authorities has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) .The Federal Road Safety Commission:This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular United States Marshals Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive aid from the constabulary, civil defense mechanism corps, NGO ‘S etc. ( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and involvement groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission phases of how a measure becomes a jurisprudence. ( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues. To the easiness the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import.STAKEHOLDER Analysis:It helps to identify Actors ; measure their involvement, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It will assist to place and move to forestall misinterpretation and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) . Name of stakeholder ( administration, Group or person at the federal, province or local degree ) Stakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support ) Potential function in the procedure ( vested involvement in the activity ) Potential degree of committedness ( support or oppose, to what extent and why ) and how to acquire their support Available resources ( staff, voluntaries, )PowerGovernment/Political sector President Commanding officer in head of the armed forces, initiate authorities policies/bills Assenting to and sign language of measures, mentioning a measure back to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality Moderate support, demand for dialogue and lobbying News conferences, high degree committedness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, Speech High The senate and house of representatives The province Governor and province house of assembly Approves the proposed policy to go a jurisprudence, guarantee appropriate support Novices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally Sponsors/ Champions policy alteration, Has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree Some may back up and other may non. Necessitate to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support Same as above News conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings Same as above High High Ministry of wellness Implement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system Draft measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Political determination shapers, organizational construction of the freshly introduced nomadic injury squad High Federal route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism service corps Lead bureau on disposal of route safety in Nigeria Pilot trial, Assist the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange, Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Organizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services three tier system High Ministry of finance Provides public financess, facilitates development and reappraisals budget, Prioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration Variable if the cost for execution is significantly increased Fundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras High Ministry of transit Oversing transit safety Formulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety May or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new rail manner system development in the state Staffs available at assorted degrees High Ministry of Education Oversing instruction related actives Aid in execution of educational policies May non back up because of other pressing demands like salary increase for instructors Staffs available at assorted degrees High Pressure GROUPS NBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO Major political force per unit area groups Beginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development Strongly back up the policy alteration Organised construction and staffs available High International organic structures WHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure pool for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID, Multi stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking. Approves the proposal to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy Strongly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns Financial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant Medium Nongovernmental organization SAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, SAFETY ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross Agency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, station debut surveillance Legislative reform protagonism and policy execution Strongly back up Trained staffs every bit good as voluntaries. Low Professional administration Nigeria Medical Association, Researchers. Represents its members and support their involvement Can set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure Strongly back up Fiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy Medium Other civil societies Community leaders/chiefs, young person groups, Opinion leaders and determination shapers Can negociate the policy alteration and utile for execution Strongly back up They can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the community, Medium Table1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) . From the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be done by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging treatment about how to turn to resistance.AGENDA Setting:This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Kingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent watercourses ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below: Policy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket scene ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 )Call uping the Media:McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) foremost developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong correlativity between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and accordingly the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic structures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can besides be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity. Personal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful teacher than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later the policy docket. Fig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) .POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION:This involves the stairss taken after the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is implemented. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below:FRSCSUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration ) Sponsor a Member of national assembly Forwarding of the measure to National assembly First ReadingSecond Reading ( polish )Public input Committee phase ( Committee on route safety ) Report phase Third reading Public Input Assent ( Presidents marks the Bill )Bill is promulgatedFig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes: To maintain the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for: Continuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to reach legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to confront interactions ) , Mass Support by go toing commission meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket, Dickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The bottom -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really good attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the intended policy result. The execution procedure would necessitate clip and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree.Initial rapid demands appraisal:The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees. The appraisal will supply scientific, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious.Execution agenda:Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity. Random placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras Fines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras. License suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of times as will be stated. The usage of promotion to inform the populace on the new jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments.Evaluation AND Feedback:Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther † The technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy alliance is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up intermediate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. NICE in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan. It will besides affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims. The Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) : INPUTS INDICATORS Procedure INDICATORS End product Indexs Result INDICATORS Fundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics Human resources- constabulary and route safety Training of forces involved Political committedness Servicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras Reding quality offered to lawbreakers Police/ route safety – driver interaction Speed direction among route users Collision rates from velocity Badness of hurts from RTC Mortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity. Disability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit Complication rates Quality of life Table 2: Donabedian model Evaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will besides be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees. The micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads. The meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree. The macro degree: this involves accessing funding of the programme and its map at the national or international degree.Decision:The policy procedure is a cyclical procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit. The execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and freeing resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs.

A Detailed Break Down of a Teachers Job Description

Teachers do much more than just teach. Their job descriptions are lengthy, much more than people realize. Most teachers work well after the final bell has ended. They take their work home with them. They spend several hours over the weekend working. Teaching is a difficult and misunderstood profession and requires a dedicated, patient, and willing person to keep up with all of the jobs demands. This article provides an in-depth look at a teacher’s job description.   A Teacher Must... A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. have a comprehensive understanding of the content that they teach. They must continuously study and review new research within their content area. They must be able to break apart the foundations of new information and put into terms that their students can understand.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop weekly lesson plans that link their objectives with their required state standards. These plans must be engaging, dynamic, and interactive. These weekly plans must align strategically with their year-long lesson plans.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. always prepare a backup plan.  Even the most well-thought-out plans can fall apart. A teacher must be able to adapt and change on the fly according to their students’ needs.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. organize their classroom in such a way that it is student friendly and conducive to maximizing learning opportunities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. decide whether or not a seating chart is appropriate. They must also decide when a change to that seating chart is necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. decide on a behavior management plan for their classroom. They must adopt classroom rules, procedures, and expectation. They must practice their rules, procedures, and expectations on a daily basis. They must hold students accountable for their actions by determining an appropriate consequence when students fail to meet or follow those classroom rules, procedures, or expectations.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend and participate in all required district professional development.  They must learn the content being presented and figure out how to apply it to their classroom situation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend and participate in optional professional development for areas that they recognize an individual weakness or an opportunity to learn something new. They do this because they want to grow and improve.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. spend time observing other teachers. They must have in-depth conversations with other educators. They must exchange ideas, ask for guidance, and be willing to listen to constructive criticism and advice.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. use the feedback from their evaluations as a driving force towards growth and improvement concentrating on areas that are scored lower.  They should ask the principal or evaluator for strategies or suggestions on how to improve those specific areas.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. grade and record every student’s papers in a timely manner. They must give their students timely feedback with suggestions for improvement. They must determine whether or not students have mastered a topic or are in need of re-teaching or remediation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop and construct assessments and quizzes that align with classroom content and help determine if the lesson objectives are being met.A teache r must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. break down data from assessments to self-assess whether or not how they are introducing the new content is successful or if changes need to be made.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. plan with other grade level and/or content level teachers determining common themes, objectives, and activities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep the parents of their students informed of their progress on a regular basis. They must often communicate by routinely making phone calls, sending emails, having face-to-face conversations, and sending written notifications.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. find a way to engage parents in the learning process. They must keep parents actively involved with their child’s education by developing strategic cooperative learning opportunities.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. oversee classroom fundraising opportunities. They must follow all district procedures while tallying orders, submitting orders, counting money , turning in money, and sorting and distributing orders.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. serve as a sponsor for a class or club activity. As a sponsor, they must organize and oversee all of the activities. They must also attend all of the related activities and meetings.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep up with and study new instructional pedagogy. They must determine what is appropriate to utilize within their classroom and find a way to implement what they have learned in their daily lessons.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. keep up with the newest technological trends. They must become tech savvy to stay up with the digital generation. They must assess what technology would be advantageous to use in their classroom.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. organize and schedule all field trips in advance. They must follow all district protocol and get information out to parents in a timely manner.  They must create student activities that enhance the field trip and ce ment learning.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop emergency lesson plans and substitute plans for days that they have to miss work.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. attend extra-curricular activities. This demonstrates school pride and support for the students who participate in these events.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. sit on various committees to review and oversee critical aspects of the school such as budget, hiring new teachers, school safety, student health, and curriculum.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. monitor students while they are working independently. They must walk around the room, checking student progress, and assisting students who may not completely understand the assignment.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop whole group lessons that keep every student engaged. These lessons must consist of entertaining and content-based activities that help students learn key concepts, making connections to prior learning, and building towards to pics that will be introduced in the future.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. gather, prepare, and distribute all the materials needed to complete a lesson prior to when class begins. It is often beneficial for the teacher to go through a practice run of the activity before doing it with the students.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. model newly introduced content or concepts to their students walking students through the proper steps to solve the problem prior to giving the students the opportunity to do it themselves.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop ways to differentiate instruction to challenge all students without frustrating them while still ensuring that every student meets their learning objective.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop guided practice activities for each lesson where the entire class is able to work out or solve problems together. This allows the teacher to check for understanding, clear up misconceptions, and determine if further instr uction is needed before turning them loose on independent practice.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. formulate sets of questions that require both higher level and lower level responses. Furthermore, they must ensure that they give every student the opportunity to participate in the discussion. Finally, they must give those students an appropriate wait time and rephrase questions when necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. cover and monitor a wide variety of duties including breakfast, lunch, and recesses.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. return parent phone calls and hold parent conferences whenever a parent requests a meeting. These phone calls and meetings must be held during their planning period or before/after school.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. monitor the health and safety of all their students. They must look for signs of abuse or neglect. They must report it anytime that they believe a student is in any potential danger.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦. develop and cultivate relationships with their students. They must build a trusting rapport with each student and one built on a foundation of mutual respect.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must pause from lessons to take advantage of teachable moments. They must use these moments to teach their students valuable life lessons that can carry on with them throughout their life.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must have empathy for every student. They must be willing to put themselves in their students’ shoes and realize that life is a struggle for many of them. They must care enough to show their students that getting an education can be a game changer for them.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. evaluate students and complete referrals for many individual needs and services including special education, speech-language, occupational therapy, or counseling.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. create a system for organization within their classroom. They must file , clean, straighten, and rearrange when necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. utilize the Internet and social media to search for activities, lessons, and teaching resources that they can utilize within or supplement a lesson.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. make enough copies for their students. They must fix the copy machine when there is a paper jam, add new copy paper when it is empty, and change toner when necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. must counsel students when they bring a personal issue to them. They must be a willing listener capable of giving students great life advice that can help lead them to the right decisions.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. establish healthy working relationships with their co-workers. They must be willing to help them out, answer questions, and work together in a team environment.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. take on a leadership role once they establish themselves. They must be willing to serve as a mentor teacher to beginning teachers and serve in leadership areas as necessary.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. change the decoration on their bulletin boards, doors, and classroom at various points in the year.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. help students identify their individual strengths and weaknesses. They then must help them set goals and lead them on the path towards reaching those goals.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. develop and lead small group activities focused on helping students acquire missing skills in areas such as reading or math.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. be a role model who is always aware of their environment and does not allow themselves to be in a compromising situation.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. be willing to go the extra mile for their students offering tutoring or extended help for students who may be struggling.A teacher must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. arrive at school early, stay late, and spend part of their weekend to ensure that they are prepared to teach their students.